Chapter 10: What kind of clothes should I wear?
Learn how to express existence and describe locations of people, animals, and objects
In this chapter, you will learn how to use the verbs います and あります to describe the existence and location of animate and inanimate objects. You'll also learn location words and how to describe positions and relationships between objects.

Key topics:
- ・Expressing existence (います、あります)
- ・Describing locations of people and objects
- ・Using location words (上、下、前、後ろ、中、外)
- ・Talking about positions and relationships
- ・Describing buildings and places
- ・Using counters for shelves and positions
Vocabulary
Kanji
Grammar Rules
Rule 1: Asking about common rules/customs - V-ばいいですか?
Use this expression to ask for explanations about common practices, etiquette, or rules, rather than personal advice. The バ-form is the conditional form ending in ば.
Rule 2: Prohibition - V-てはいけません / ちゃだめ
Used to describe something that is prohibited or not allowed. ~てはいけません is formal/polite, while ~ちゃだめ is a casual contraction often used among friends.
Rule 3: Must do (casual) - V-なくちゃ
A casual way to express obligation, formed by omitting ならない from ~なくちゃならない. Used both for telling others and for talking about yourself.
Rule 4: Expressing purpose - V-るように / V-ないように
Used to express a purpose or goal. The part before ように describes the desired state resulting from the action. Verbs that express state (わかる, できる) or potential forms (座れる) are used; intentional action verbs (働く) are not allowed.
Rule 5: Passive (receiving action from person) - V-(ら)れます
Used when the subject receives a direct action from another person (e.g., being warned, scolded, praised). The passive verb is formed by adding れる (Group 1) or られる (Group 2/3).
Rule 6: Casual explanatory question - S (plain-form) の?
A casual way to ask for an explanation about a situation or reason. ~んですか? in polite speech becomes ~の? in plain style. Often used with どうしたの? (What's the matter?).
Rule 7: Must do (very casual) - V-なきゃ
The most casual form of obligation, derived from ~なければなりません. Often used alone without ならない. Friendly and abrupt, common among close friends or in self-talk.
Exercises
Question 1
Choose the correct form to ask 'What should I bring to a funeral?'
おそうしきには、なにをもって______いいですか。
Question 2
Choose the correct reading of 自分.
______でりょうりをつくります。
Question 3
Choose the correct ending to say 'You cannot use the crosswalk.'
しんごうがあかのときは、おうだんほどうをわたって______よ。
Question 4
What does 入院 mean?
そぼがびょうきでにゅういんしました。
Question 5
Choose the correct casual obligation form to say 'You must put away your own dishes.'
しょっきはじぶんでかたづけ______。
Question 6
Choose the correct reading of 習慣.
はをみがく______があります。
Question 7
Choose the correct particle to complete 'so that the next person can sit right after'.
つぎのひとがすぐにせきにすわれる______、しょっきをかたづけます。
Question 8
What does 店長 mean?
このスーパーのてんちょうです。
Question 9
Choose the correct passive form to say 'I was warned by the store manager.'
わたしは、てんちょうに、ちゅうい______。
Question 10
Choose the correct reading of 全員.
かいしゃの______がかいぎにさんかしました。
Question 11
Choose the correct casual question form to ask 'Did anything happen?'
どうしたの? げんきないね。なにか______の?
Question 12
What does 普通 mean?
きょうはふつうのいちにちでした。
Question 13
Choose the very casual obligation form to say 'You must properly stand in line.'
でんしゃにのるときは、ちゃんとれつにならば______。
Question 14
What does 服 mean?
あたらしいふくをかいました。
Question 15
Choose the casual prohibition form to say 'You cannot talk on the bus.'
バスの中では、はなし______だめだよね。
Question 16
What does 袋 mean?
スーパーでふくろをもらいました。
Question 17
Choose the correct passive sentence meaning 'I was often scolded by my mother.'
こどものとき、よくははに______。
Question 18
Choose the correct reading of 暗い.
へやが______です。
Question 19
Choose the correct form to mean 'Please explain so that anyone can understand.'
だれでもわかる______、かんたんなにほんごでせつめいして下さい。
Question 20
What does 怒る mean?
ちちはよくおこります。