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Chapter 10: What kind of clothes should I wear?

Learn how to express existence and describe locations of people, animals, and objects

In this chapter, you will learn how to use the verbs います and あります to describe the existence and location of animate and inanimate objects. You'll also learn location words and how to describe positions and relationships between objects.

Chapter 10: What kind of clothes should I wear? image

Key topics:

  • ・Expressing existence (います、あります)
  • ・Describing locations of people and objects
  • ・Using location words (上、下、前、後ろ、中、外)
  • ・Talking about positions and relationships
  • ・Describing buildings and places
  • ・Using counters for shelves and positions

Vocabulary

1
おかねをとる
okane o toru
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お金を取る
to charge money
Example
ここでお金を取ります
Koko de okane o torimasu.
I'll charge money here.
2
おこる
okoru
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怒る
to get angry
Example
おとうさんが怒りますよ。
Otōsan ga okorimasu yo.
Dad will get angry.
3
おとをたてる
oto o tateru
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音を立てる
to make noise
Example
しずかに。あまり音を立てないで
Shizuka ni. Amari oto o tatenai de.
Be quiet. Don't make too much noise.
4
~おわる
~owaru
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終わる
to finish ~
Example
しごとがおわりました
Shigoto ga owarimashita.
My work is finished.
5
かたづける
katazukeru
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片付ける
to clean up
Example
つくえを片付けます
Tsukue o katazukemasu.
I'll clean up the desk.
6
きにいる
ki ni iru
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気に入る
come to like
Example
このシャツ、気に入りました
Kono shatsu, ki ni irimashita.
I came to like this shirt.
7
くりかえす
kurikaesu
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繰り返す
to repeat
Example
もいちど繰り返して下さい
Mō ichido kurikaeshite kudasai.
Please repeat that one more time.
8
しんじられない
shinjirarenai
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信じられない
unbelievable
Example
それは信じられない
Sore wa shinjirarenai!
That's unbelievable!
9
しんじる
shinjiru
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信じる
to believe
Example
あなたのことは信じています
Anata no koto wa shinjite imasu.
I believe in you.
10
すてる
suteru
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捨てる
to throw away
Example
これは捨てて下さい
Kore wa sutete kudasai.
Please throw this away.
11
たべおわる
tabeowaru
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食べ終わる
to finish eating
Example
もう食べ終わりましたか?
tabeowarimashita ka?
Have you finished eating already?
12
つまる
tsumaru
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-
to clog
Example
トイレがつまりました
Toire ga tsumarimashita.
The toilet is clogged.
13
ながす
nagasu
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流す
to flush
Example
トイレを流しました
Toire o nagashimashita.
I flushed the toilet.
14
にゅういんする
nyūin suru
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入院する
to admit to hospital
Example
おじいちゃんが入院します
Ojīchan ga nyūin shimasu.
Grandpa will be admitted to the hospital.
15
のどがかわく
nodo ga kawaku
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喉が渇く
to get thirsty
Example
喉が渇きました
Nodo ga kawakimashita.
I got thirsty.
16
ほねをおる
hone o oru
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骨を折る
to break a bone
Example
あしの骨を折りました
Ashi no hone o orimashita.
I broke a bone in my leg.
17
まねをする
mane o suru
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-
to imitate
Example
こどもがまねをします
Kodomo ga mane o shimasu.
The child will imitate.
18
ルールをまもる
rūru o mamoru
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ルールを守る
to follow the rules
Example
がっこうでルールを守ります
Gakkō de rūru o mamorimasu.
I follow the rules at school.
19
いやな
iya na
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嫌な
dislike
Example
これは嫌なにおいです。
Kore wa iya na nioi desu.
This is a bad smell.
20
うるさい
urusai
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-
loud
Example
あのくるまはうるさいです。
Ano kuruma wa urusai desu.
That car is loud.
21
カジュアルな
kajuaru na
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-
casual
Example
きょうはカジュアルなふくです。
Kyō wa kajuaru na fuku desu.
I'm wearing casual clothes today.
22
から
kara
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empty
Example
ペットボトルが空らです。
Pettobotoru ga kara desu.
The plastic bottle is empty.
23
くさい
kusai
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臭い
smells bad
Example
ごみが臭いです。
Gomi ga kusai desu.
The trash smells bad.
24
くらい
kurai
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暗い
dark
Example
よるは暗いです。
Yoru wa kurai desu.
It's dark at night.
25
じみな
jimi na
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地味な
conservative in a dark color
Example
そのふくは地味ないろです。
Sono fuku wa jimi na iro desu.
That clothing is a conservative color.
26
ひどい
hidoi
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-
terrible
Example
きょうのてんきはひどいです。
Kyō no tenki wa hidoi desu.
Today's weather is terrible.
27
ふしぎな
fushigi na
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不思議な
strange
Example
これは不思議なおもちゃです。
Kore wa fushigi na omocha desu.
This is a strange toy.
28
めんどくさい
mendokusai
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-
bothersome
Example
しゅくだいはめんどくさいです。
Shukudai wa mendokusai desu.
Homework is bothersome.
29
イメージ
imēji
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-
image
Example
きれいなイメージです。
Kirei na imēji desu.
It's a beautiful image.
30
イメージ
imēji
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-
impression
Example
はじめてのイメージは?
Hajimete no imēji wa?
What's your first impression?
31
おこうでん
okōden
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お香典
condolence money for a funeral
Example
お香典をもっていきます。
Okōden o motte ikimasu.
I'll bring condolence money.
32
おしぼり
oshibori
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-
wet towel
Example
レストランでおしぼりをもらいました。
Resutoran de oshibori o moraimashita.
I got a wet towel at the restaurant.
33
おそうしき
osōshiki
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お葬式
funeral
Example
あしたお葬式があります。
Ashita osōshiki ga arimasu.
There's a funeral tomorrow.
34
おそうしきよう
osōshikiyō
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お葬式用
for funerals
Example
これはお葬式用のふくです。
Kore wa osōshikiyō no fuku desu.
These are clothes for funerals.
35
おみまい
omimai
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お見舞い
get-well visit
Example
びょういんへお見舞いにいきます。
Byōin e omimai ni ikimasu.
I'm going to the hospital for a get-well visit.
36
かご
kago
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-
basket
Example
かごにくだものをいれます。
Kago ni kudamono o iremasu.
I'll put the fruit in the basket.
37
かん
kanji
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感じ
appearance
Example
このへやはあかるい感じです。
Kono heya wa akarui kanji desu.
This room has a bright appearance.
38
こうでんぶくろ
kōdenbukuro
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香典袋
envelope for condolence money
Example
香典袋をかいました。
Kōdenbukuro o kaimashita.
I bought an envelope for condolence money.
39
ごみばこ
gomibako
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ごみ箱
trash can
Example
ごみ箱はどこですか?
Gomibako wa doko desu ka?
Where is the trash can?
40
ジャケット
jaketto
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-
jacket
Example
あたらしいジャケットをきています。
Atarashii jaketto o kite imasu.
I'm wearing a new jacket.
41
しゅうかん
shūkan
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習慣
custom
Example
にほんの習慣をならいます。
Nihon no shūkan o naraimasu.
I'm learning Japanese customs.
42
しょうたいじょう
shōtaijō
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招待状
invitation letter
Example
パーティーの招待状です。
Pātī no shōtaijō desu.
This is an invitation letter to the party.
43
しろ
shiro
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white
Example
とくろがすきです。
Shiro to kuro ga suki desu.
I like white and black.
44
しんちくいわい
shinchiku iwai
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新築祝い
housewarming
Example
新築祝いにいきます。
Shinchiku iwai ni ikimasu.
I'm going to a housewarming.
45
スーツ
sūtsu
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-
suits
Example
しごとでスーツをきます。
Shigoto de sūtsu o kimasu.
I wear a suit for work.
46
せき
seki
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seat
Example
このはあいていますか?
Kono seki wa aite imasu ka?
Is this seat taken?
47
ぜんいん
zen'in
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全員
everyone
Example
全員、こちらへどうぞ。
Zen'in, kochira e dōzo.
Everyone, this way please.
48
だったら
dattara
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-
if so
Example
いそがしい?だったら、あとでね。
Isogashii? Dattara, ato de ne.
Are you busy? If so, let's do it later.
49
だんだん
dandan
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-
gradually
Example
だんだんあたたかくなります。
Dandan atatakaku narimasu.
It's gradually getting warmer.
50
チップ
chippu
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-
tip
Example
アメリカでチップをはらいます。
Amerika de chippu o haraimasu.
I pay a tip in America.
51
ちゃんと
chanto
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-
properly
Example
ちゃんとねて下さい。
Chanto nete kudasai.
Please sleep properly.
52
ちょくせつ
chokusetsu
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直接
directly
Example
さかなを直接たべます。
Sakana o chokusetsu tabemasu.
I eat the fish directly.
53
てんちょう
tenchō
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店長
store manager
Example
あのひとは店長です。
Ano hito wa tenchō desu.
That person is the store manager.
54
どうりょう
dōryō
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同僚
co-worker
Example
同僚とおちゃをのみます。
Dōryō to ocha o nomimasu.
I drink tea with my co-worker.
55
どちらでもない
dochira demonai
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-
neither
Example
わたしはどちらでもないです。
Watashi wa dochira demonai desu.
I am neither.
56
どろぼう
dorobō
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泥棒
thief
Example
泥棒にきをつけて!
Dorobō ni ki o tsukete!
Watch out for thieves!
57
どんぶり
donburi
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-
bowl
Example
どんぶりでごはんをたべます。
Donburi de gohan o tabemasu.
I eat rice from a bowl.
58
~はい
~hai
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~ glass(es)
Example
コーヒーを下さい。
Kōhī o ippai kudasai.
One glass of coffee, please.
59
はちうえ
hachiue
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鉢植え
container-grown plant
Example
鉢植えにみずをやります。
Hachiue ni mizu o yarimasu.
I water the container-grown plant.
60
はなたば
hanataba
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花束
flower bouquet
Example
かのじょに花束をあげます。
Kanojo ni hanataba o agemasu.
I'll give my girlfriend a flower bouquet.
61
はなよめ
hanayome
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花嫁
bride
Example
花嫁がとてもきれいです。
Hanayome ga totemo kirei desu.
The bride is very beautiful.
62
はりがみ
harigami
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貼り紙
sign
Example
ドアに貼り紙があります。
Doa ni harigami ga arimasu.
There's a sign on the door.
63
ひろうえん
hirōen
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披露宴
reception banquet
Example
披露宴はたのしかったです。
Hirōen wa tanoshikatta desu.
The reception banquet was fun.
64
ふくろ
fukuro
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bag
Example
このにいれて下さい。
Kono fukuro ni irete kudasai.
Please put it in this bag.
65
ボトル
botoru
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-
bottle
Example
ボトルのふたをしめて。
Botoru no futa o shimete.
Close the bottle cap.
66
ほんにん
honnin
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本人
the person
Example
本人にきいて下さい。
Honnin ni kiite kudasai.
Please ask the person himself/herself.
67
もちろん
mochiron
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-
of course
Example
もちろん、いきますよ!
Mochiron, ikimasu yo!
Of course I'll go!
68
~よう
~yō
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-
for ~
Example
これはおみまいようのプレゼントです。
Kore wa omimaiyō no purezento desu.
This is a gift for a get-well visit.
69
おこうでん
okōden
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お香典
condolence money for a funeral
Example
お香典をもっていきます。
Okōden o motte ikimasu.
I'll bring condolence money.
70
おそうしきよう
osōshikiyō
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お葬式用
for funerals
Example
これはお葬式用のふくです。
Kore wa osōshikiyō no fuku desu.
These are clothes for funerals.
71
おみまいよう
omimaiyō
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お見舞い用
for get-well visits
Example
これはお見舞い用のプレゼントです。
Kore wa omimaiyō no purezento desu.
This is a gift for a get-well visit.

Kanji

1
自分
じぶん
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oneself
🎬
self
🎬
part, share
Example
自分でりょうりをつくります。
Jibun de ryōri o tsukurimasu.
I cook by myself.
2
入院
にゅういん
Expand card
hospitalization
🎬
enter
🎬
institution
Example
そぼがびょうきで入院しました。
Sobo ga byōki de nyūin shimashita.
My grandmother was hospitalized due to illness.
3
習慣
しゅうかん
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habit, custom
🎬
learn
🎬
accustomed
Example
はをみがく習慣があります。
Ha o migaku shūkan ga arimasu.
I have a habit of brushing my teeth.
4
店長
てんちょう
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store manager
🎬
shop
🎬
long, leader
Example
このスーパーの店長です。
Kono sūpā no tenchō desu.
I am the manager of this supermarket.
5
全員
ぜんいん
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all members, everyone
🎬
all
🎬
member
Example
かいしゃの全員がかいぎにさんかしました。
Kaisha no zen'in ga kaigi ni sanka shimashita.
All members of the company participated in the meeting.
6
普通
ふつう
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normal, ordinary
🎬
universal
🎬
pass through
Example
きょうは普通のいちにちでした。
Kyō wa futsū no ichinichi deshita.
Today was a normal day.
7
ふく
Expand card
clothes
🎬
clothes
Example
あたらしいをかいました。
Atarashii fuku o kaimashita.
I bought new clothes.
8
ふくろ
Expand card
bag
🎬
bag
Example
スーパーでをもらいました。
Sūpā de fukuro o moraimashita.
I got a bag at the supermarket.
9
暗い
くらい
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dark
🎬
dark
Example
へやが暗いです。
Heya ga kurai desu.
The room is dark.
10
怒る
おこる
Expand card
to get angry
🎬
angry
Example
ちちはよく怒ります
Chichi wa yoku okorimasu.
My father often gets angry.

Grammar Rules

Rule 1: Asking about common rules/customs - V-ばいいですか?

Structure: Verb バ-form + いいですか? → 'What should I do?' (for general customs/rules)

Use this expression to ask for explanations about common practices, etiquette, or rules, rather than personal advice. The バ-form is the conditional form ending in ば.

How to use: Conjugate the verb to its バ-form (Group 1: change final -u to -e+ば; Group 2: replace -る with -れば; Group 3: する→すれば, くる→くれば) then add いいですか?
💡 Pro Tip: Compare with ~たらいいですか? which seeks personal advice (e.g., where to stay on a trip). ~ばいいですか? is for asking about established customs, like what to wear to a wedding or funeral.
Examples
お葬式には、何を持って行けばいいですか?
Osōshiki ni wa, nani o motte ikeba ii desu ka?
→ What should I bring to a funeral?
友だちの結婚式には、何を着て行けばいいですか?
Tomodachi no kekkonshiki ni wa, nani o kite ikeba ii desu ka?
→ What should I wear to a friend's wedding?

Rule 2: Prohibition - V-てはいけません / ちゃだめ

Structure: Verb テ-form + はいけません / ちゃだめ → 'You must not do / cannot do'

Used to describe something that is prohibited or not allowed. ~てはいけません is formal/polite, while ~ちゃだめ is a casual contraction often used among friends.

How to use: Attach はいけません or ちゃだめ to the テ-form of the verb. For ~ちゃだめ, the テ-form ending て is contracted to ちゃ (e.g., 見て → 見ちゃ).
💡 Pro Tip: Use ~てはいけません for rules and official situations (e.g., 'No smoking'). Use ~ちゃだめ for light warnings to friends (e.g., 'Don't touch that, it'll break').
Examples
信号が赤のときは、横断歩道を渡ってはいけませんよ。
Shingō ga aka no toki wa, ōdan hodō o watatte wa ikemasen yo.
→ When the light is red, you cannot use the crosswalk.
バスの中では、話しちゃだめだよね。
Basu no naka dewa, hanashicha dame da yo ne.
→ You cannot talk on the bus.

Rule 3: Must do (casual) - V-なくちゃ

Structure: Verb (negative stem) + なくちゃ (+ ならない/いけない/dame implied) → 'I/you must do'

A casual way to express obligation, formed by omitting ならない from ~なくちゃならない. Used both for telling others and for talking about yourself.

How to use: Take the ない-form of the verb, remove ない, and add なくちゃ. Example: 片付けない → 片付けなくちゃ. No additional ending is needed in casual speech.
💡 Pro Tip: This is one of the most common casual obligation forms. Others include ~なきゃ (from なければ). While ~なくちゃ is friendly, avoid it in formal writing or with superiors.
Examples
食器は自分で片付けなくちゃ。
Shokki wa jibun de katazukenakucha.
→ You must put away your own dishes.
もうこんな時間!私、そろそろ帰らなくちゃ。
Mō konna jikan! Watashi, sorosoro kaeranakucha.
→ Wow, it's already this late? I have to get going soon.

Rule 4: Expressing purpose - V-るように / V-ないように

Structure: Verb (dictionary form / ない-form) + ように → 'so that / in order to'

Used to express a purpose or goal. The part before ように describes the desired state resulting from the action. Verbs that express state (わかる, できる) or potential forms (座れる) are used; intentional action verbs (働く) are not allowed.

How to use: Attach ように to a dictionary-form or ない-form verb. The verb should express a state or ability, not a volitional act. Example: 座れるように (so that [someone] can sit).
💡 Pro Tip: Cannot use intentional verbs like 働く. Use the potential form instead: 働けるように (so that I can work). This pattern is common in giving instructions so that anyone can understand.
Examples
次の人がすぐに席に座れるように、食器を片付けます。
Tsugi no hito ga sugu ni seki ni suwareru yō ni, shokki o katazukemasu.
→ People put away their dishes so the next person can sit right after.
だれでもわかるように、簡単な日本語で説明して下さい。
Daredemo wakaru yō ni, kantan na nihongo de setsumei shite kudasai.
→ Please use simple Japanese to explain so anyone can understand.

Rule 5: Passive (receiving action from person) - V-(ら)れます

Structure: Receiver + は + Agent + に + Verb Passive-form → 'Receiver was verbed by Agent'

Used when the subject receives a direct action from another person (e.g., being warned, scolded, praised). The passive verb is formed by adding れる (Group 1) or られる (Group 2/3).

How to use: Group 1: change final -u to -a + れる (e.g., 言う→言われる). Group 2: replace -る with -られる (e.g., ほめる→ほめられる). Group 3: する→される, くる→こられる. The agent is marked with に.
💡 Pro Tip: This passive focuses on the receiver's experience. Common verbs: 言われる (to be told), 呼ばれる (to be called), しかられる (to be scolded). Compare with Lesson 7's event-passive (e.g., コンサートが開かれる).
Examples
私は、店長に、「今度から気をつけて」と注意されました。
Watashi wa, tenchō ni, 'Kondo kara ki o tsukete' to chūi saremashita.
→ I was warned by the store manager, 'Be careful from now on.'
子どものとき、よく母にしかられました。
Kodomo no toki, yoku haha ni shikararemashita.
→ I was often scolded by my mother when I was a child.

Rule 6: Casual explanatory question - S (plain-form) の?

Structure: Plain-form sentence + の? → 'Is it that...? / Did you...?'

A casual way to ask for an explanation about a situation or reason. ~んですか? in polite speech becomes ~の? in plain style. Often used with どうしたの? (What's the matter?).

How to use: For verbs and い-adjectives, add の directly. For nouns and な-adjectives, add なの. Example: 何かあったの? (Did something happen?).
💡 Pro Tip: Women often use の? in casual speech, but men may say んだ? instead. The intonation rises for a question. Very common in manga and daily conversation among friends.
Examples
どうしたの? 元気ないね。何かあったの?
Dōshita no? Genki nai ne. Nanika atta no?
→ What's the matter? You look down. Did anything happen?
お金を払わないで、ジュース飲んだの?
Okane o harawanaide, jūsu nonda no?
→ Did you drink juice without paying?

Rule 7: Must do (very casual) - V-なきゃ

Structure: Verb (ない-form stem) + なきゃ (+ ならない/いけない implied) → 'I/you must do'

The most casual form of obligation, derived from ~なければなりません. Often used alone without ならない. Friendly and abrupt, common among close friends or in self-talk.

How to use: Take the ない-form of the verb, remove ない, and add なきゃ. Example: 飲まない → 飲まなきゃ. No additional ending is needed. Can also be used as a complete sentence.
💡 Pro Tip: Compare with ~なくちゃ: both are casual, but ~なきゃ is even shorter and more colloquial. In very fast speech, it can sound like '~なきゃ'. Use with people you're close to.
Examples
ちゃんとお金を払ってから飲まなきゃ。
Chanto okane o haratte kara nomanakya.
→ You must pay for the juice before drinking.
電車に乗るときは、ちゃんと列に並ばなきゃ。
Densha ni noru toki wa, chanto retsu ni naranakya.
→ You must properly stand in line to ride a train.

Exercises

Question 1

Choose the correct form to ask 'What should I bring to a funeral?'

おそうしきには、なにをもって______いいですか。

Question 2

Choose the correct reading of 自分.

______でりょうりをつくります。

Question 3

Choose the correct ending to say 'You cannot use the crosswalk.'

しんごうがあかのときは、おうだんほどうをわたって______よ。

Question 4

What does 入院 mean?

そぼがびょうきでにゅういんしました。

Question 5

Choose the correct casual obligation form to say 'You must put away your own dishes.'

しょっきはじぶんでかたづけ______。

Question 6

Choose the correct reading of 習慣.

はをみがく______があります。

Question 7

Choose the correct particle to complete 'so that the next person can sit right after'.

つぎのひとがすぐにせきにすわれる______、しょっきをかたづけます。

Question 8

What does 店長 mean?

このスーパーのてんちょうです。

Question 9

Choose the correct passive form to say 'I was warned by the store manager.'

わたしは、てんちょうに、ちゅうい______。

Question 10

Choose the correct reading of 全員.

かいしゃの______がかいぎにさんかしました。

Question 11

Choose the correct casual question form to ask 'Did anything happen?'

どうしたの? げんきないね。なにか______の?

Question 12

What does 普通 mean?

きょうはふつうのいちにちでした。

Question 13

Choose the very casual obligation form to say 'You must properly stand in line.'

でんしゃにのるときは、ちゃんとれつにならば______。

Question 14

What does 服 mean?

あたらしいふくをかいました。

Question 15

Choose the casual prohibition form to say 'You cannot talk on the bus.'

バスの中では、はなし______だめだよね。

Question 16

What does 袋 mean?

スーパーでふくろをもらいました。

Question 17

Choose the correct passive sentence meaning 'I was often scolded by my mother.'

こどものとき、よくははに______。

Question 18

Choose the correct reading of 暗い.

へやが______です。

Question 19

Choose the correct form to mean 'Please explain so that anyone can understand.'

だれでもわかる______、かんたんなにほんごでせつめいして下さい。

Question 20

What does 怒る mean?

ちちはよくおこります。

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